Since as early as 15,000 years ago, humans have played a part in the species differentiation between dogs and wolves. Dogs, or canis familiaris was the first species to be domesticated, at least several thousands years before any other animal or plant species (Leonard, Vila and Wayne). From centuries of selective breeding more than 400 distinct breeds of dogs have been produced that differ greatly in morphology (form and structure, such as body size, coat length and color), behavior, and disease susceptibility. (Parker, Sutter, and Ostrander). The holding of dog shows and the later establishment of the kennel clubs in Britain, America, and France in the late 19th and early 20th century have had a generative effect on pedigree dog breeding and showing throughout the world (Sampson and Binns). These breeds have developed not from natural selection, but from selection by humans for various uses in different societies, leading to different proclivities for certain behaviors like retrieving, herding, and guarding, between breeds. Natural selection and geographic separation may have also contributed to genetic differentiation, resulting in additional breeds. Even within a breed exists variability between individual dogs in their suitability as pets or working dogs, which reflects the heterogenic background of dog breeds (Giger, Sargan, & McNiegel).

Pain is a commonality among humans as well as among other animal groups. The sensation of pain is very much a subjective experience; when a person experiences pain, only they can feel it. Others, however, can sympathize and even feel pain of their own as a response to our expression of pain, or in response to witnessing the situation that has brought on our pain. We can often recognize when another person is experiencing pain; other times we cannot. Experience has taught us what kinds of situations cause pain. Experience may have also taught us that some people may find a specific situation very painful, such as running a 5K, while

Michelle Crepeau

Professor Grobstein

Biology 202-Neurobiology and Behavior

8 March, 2008

 

Calling Down the Gods and Invoking the Spirit: Entertaining the Possibility of Ritual Possession as Discreet Behavior versus Abject Mental Disorder

 

Sleep is needed for our proper nervous system and daily function as well as for our physical and mental health. It is essential for our survival. People with problems falling asleep or staying asleep may wake up during the night or wake up too early the next morning. Lack of sleep makes them feel sleepy during the day and also affects their driving ability, performance, cognitive skill, psychomotor coordination, mood, memory, concentration and enjoyment of family and social life. This sleep disorder is called Insomnia.

 

It is a known fact that infants learn language with remarkable speed, but how they do it remains a mystery. Recent research proves that these infants and younger children's brains are better equipped to learning new languages than adults are. I plan to investigate the observations and evidence related to this assertion, by connecting the arguments to the new neurobiological frameworks such as the I-function and central pattern generation (CPG). I would like to use these two frameworks to explain the phenomena of children being better language learners than adults.

My first exposure to psycho-cybernetics was as a seventh grader on the Milan Middle School cross-country team. The sixth and seventh grade girls traveled with the high school team to compete in our first overnight meet. Before bed at the hotel that night, Lindsey, the team captain, called the middle school room. "Don't forget to do your psycho-cybernetics!" she chastised.

"Coach Hasselbring," we asked, "what is cyber-psychonetics?"